table of contents

(Please click the links below for summaries of the individual topics.)

Key to the Measures	inside front cover
How to Use the Energy Efficiency Manual	front endsheet
A Personal Note: The Right Way to Do Energy Conservation	7
Expression of Gratitude	13
Section 1:  BOILER PLANT	17
1.1   Equipment Scheduling and Operating Practices	19
1.2   Boiler Plant Efficiency Measurement	43
1.3   Air-Fuel Ratio	59
1.4   Burner and Fan Systems	71
1.5   Draft Control	93
1.6   Firesides and Watersides	109
1.7   Combustion Gas Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery	119
1.8   Condensate, Feedwater, and Water Treatment	137
1.9   Fuel Oil Systems	173
1.10   Steam and Water Leakage	181
1.11   Conduction and Radiation Losses	211
1.12   System Design for Efficient Low-Load Heating	225
Section 2:  CHILLER PLANT	237
2.1   Equipment Scheduling and Operating Practices	239
2.2   Optimum Operating Temperatures	263
2.3   Condenser and Evaporator Heat Transfer Efficiency	275
2.4   Heat Rejection Equipment	289
2.5   Pump Energy Consumption	317
2.6   Compressors	331
2.7   Refrigerant Condition	337
2.8   System Design for Efficient Low-Load Cooling	355
2.9   Exploiting Low Ambient Temperature for Water Chilling	367
2.10   Heat Recovery from Chillers	385
2.11   Cooling Thermal Storage	405
Section 3:  SERVICE WATER SYSTEMS	437
3.1   Reducing Service Water Consumption	439
3.2   Water Heating Systems	457
3.3   Service Water Pumping	479
Section 4:  AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS	497
4.1   Minimizing Duration of Operation	505
4.2   Outside Air Intake and Building Pressurization	517
4.3   Single-Zone Systems	579
4.4   Single-Duct Reheat Systems	605
4.5   Dual-Duct Reheat Systems	637
4.6   Multizone Systems	651
4.7   Variable-Air-Volume Single-Duct Systems	661
4.8   Variable-Air-Volume Dual-Duct Systems	681
4.9   Induction Systems	691
Section 5:  ROOM CONDITIONING UNITS & SELF-CONTAINED HVAC EQUIPMENT	701
5.1   Minimizing Equipment Operation	703
5.2   Radiators and Convectors	719
5.3   Fan-Coil Units	741
5.4   Self-Contained Air Conditioners and Through-Wall Heat Pumps	753
5.5   Remotely Cooled Air Conditioning Units and Heat Pumps	763
5.6   Heat Pump Loop Systems (Additional Measures)	779
5.7   Direct-Fired Heating Units	797
Section 6:  BUILDING AIR LEAKAGE	805
6.1   Personnel Doors	807
6.2   Garage, Loading, and Equipment Doors	825
6.3   Window Air Leakage	859
6.4   Other Envelope Leakage	863
Section 7:  BUILDING INSULATION	873
7.1   Roofs and Attics	875
7.2   Walls and Soffits	889
7.3   Glazing Insulation	907
Section 8:  CONTROL AND USE OF SUNLIGHT	913
8.1   Reducing Cooling Load: Windows & Skylights	917
8.2   Reducing Cooling Load: Opaque Surfaces & Overall	953
8.3   Daylighting	965
8.4   Passive Solar Heating	1007
Section 9:  ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING	1017
9.1   Lamps and Fixtures, Incandescent	1021
9.2   Lamps and Fixtures, Fluorescent	1045
9.3   Lamps and Fixtures, H.I.D. and L.P.S.	1071
9.4   Lighting Controls, Manual	1085
9.5   Lighting Controls, Automatic	1097
9.6   Lighting Layout	1115
9.7   Fixture Maintenance and Marking	1151
Section 10:  INDEPENDENT ENERGY-USING COMPONENTS	1159
10.1   A.C. Induction Motors	1161
10.2   Centrifugal Pumps	1177
10.3   Fans	1187
10.4   Standby Equipment	1193
Section 11:  REFERENCE NOTES	1197
Group 1.   ENERGY MANAGEMENT TOOLS	1199
10.   Clock Controls and Programmable Thermostats	1199
11.   Personnel Sensors	1205
12.   Placards	1213
13.   Energy Management Control Systems	1219
14.   Control Signal Polling	1227
15.   Infrared Thermal Scanning	1229
16.   Measurement of Liquid, Gas, and Heat Flow	1233
17.   Energy Analysis Computer Programs	1239
Group 2.   ENERGY SOURCES	1247
20.   Fossil Fuels	1247
21.   Electricity Pricing	1251
22.   Low-Temperature Heat Sources & Sinks for Heat Pumps and Cooling Equipment	1259
23.   Non-Fossil Energy Sources	1267
24.   Characteristics of Sunlight	1283
Group 3.   MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT	1289
30.   Boiler Types and Ratings	1289
31.   How Cooling Efficiency is Expressed	1297
32.   Compression Cooling	1299
33.   Absorption Cooling	1323
34.   Refrigerants	1331
35.   Centrifugal Pumps	1339
36.   Variable-Speed Motors and Drives	1347
37.   Control Characteristics	1379
Group 4.   BUILDING ENVELOPE	1385
40.   Building Air Leakage	1385
41.   How Insulation Works	1389
42.   Vapor Barriers	1393
43.   Insulation Selection	1397
44.   Insulation Integrity	1403
45.   Insulation Economics	1405
46.   Daylighting Design	1407
47.   Passive Solar Heating Design	1417
Group 5.   LIGHTING	1425
50.   Measuring Light Intensity	1425
51.   Factors in Lighting Quality	1427
52.   Comparative Light Source Characteristics	1439
53.   Lighting Efficiency Standards	1447
54.   Incandescent Lighting	1449
55.   Fluorescent Lighting	1461
56.   H.I.D. and L.P.S. Lighting	1473
57.   Light Distribution Patterns of Fixtures	1483
Contributors of Illustrations	1485
Disclaimer & Warning	1488
INDEX	1489